{
  "id": "c91c8174-6556-4472-b45a-0dcb15715fec",
  "title": "Bioenergetics Thermodynamics",
  "cards": [
    {
      "id": "card-1-f31e6a",
      "type": "qa",
      "front": "Which Law of Thermodynamics states that universal entropy (disorder) is always increasing?",
      "back": "The Second Law of Thermodynamics",
      "source": "[course-bioenergetics.pdf · page 1 · part 1]",
      "concept": "Second Law",
      "explanation": "The Second Law dictates that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, meaning disorder in the universe is constantly increasing.",
      "distractors": [
        "The First Law of Thermodynamics",
        "The Third Law of Thermodynamics",
        "The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics"
      ],
      "trueStatement": "Universal entropy increases over time.",
      "falseStatement": "Universal entropy decreases as reactions proceed.",
      "clozeSentence": "",
      "clozeAnswer": "",
      "choices": [
        "The Second Law of Thermodynamics",
        "The First Law of Thermodynamics",
        "The Third Law of Thermodynamics",
        "The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics"
      ],
      "statement": "Universal entropy increases over time.",
      "statementIsTrue": true,
      "prompt": "Which Law of Thermodynamics states that universal entropy (disorder) is always increasing?",
      "answer": "The Second Law of Thermodynamics"
    },
    {
      "id": "card-2-afd8bc",
      "type": "qa",
      "front": "Why do living systems generally not need to consider the Third Law of Thermodynamics in energy exchange equations?",
      "back": "Because equations already reflect temperature dependence of entropy changes",
      "source": "[course-bioenergetics.pdf · page 1 · part 1]",
      "concept": "Third Law Application",
      "explanation": "While the Third Law states entropy approaches zero at absolute zero, biological equations inherently account for how entropy changes with temperature during reactions at physiological conditions.",
      "distractors": [
        "Living systems violate the Third Law",
        "The Third Law only applies to closed systems",
        "Entropy is constant in living systems"
      ],
      "trueStatement": "Biological equations reflect temperature-dependent entropy changes.",
      "falseStatement": "The Third Law is irrelevant because it only applies to non-living matter.",
      "clozeSentence": "",
      "clozeAnswer": "",
      "choices": [
        "Because equations already reflect temperature dependence of entropy changes",
        "Living systems violate the Third Law",
        "The Third Law only applies to closed systems",
        "Entropy is constant in living systems"
      ],
      "statement": "Biological equations reflect temperature-dependent entropy changes.",
      "statementIsTrue": true,
      "prompt": "Why do living systems generally not need to consider the Third Law of Thermodynamics in energy exchange equations?",
      "answer": "Because equations already reflect temperature dependence of entropy changes"
    },
    {
      "id": "card-3-a5212e",
      "type": "qa",
      "front": "What is the key difference between energy transfer and energy transduction?",
      "back": "Transfer moves energy; transduction changes energy forms",
      "source": "[course-bioenergetics.pdf · page 1 · part 1]",
      "concept": "Energy Concepts",
      "explanation": "Energy transfer involves moving energy from one place to another without changing its form, whereas energy transduction involves converting energy from one type (e.g., chemical) to another (e.g., mechanical).",
      "distractors": [
        "Transfer changes form; transduction moves location",
        "Both terms mean the same thing",
        "Transduction occurs only in plants"
      ],
      "trueStatement": "Transduction involves changing the form of energy.",
      "falseStatement": "Energy transfer results in a change of energy form.",
      "clozeSentence": "",
      "clozeAnswer": "",
      "choices": [
        "Transfer moves energy; transduction changes energy forms",
        "Transfer changes form; transduction moves location",
        "Both terms mean the same thing",
        "Transduction occurs only in plants"
      ],
      "statement": "Transduction involves changing the form of energy.",
      "statementIsTrue": true,
      "prompt": "What is the key difference between energy transfer and energy transduction?",
      "answer": "Transfer moves energy; transduction changes energy forms"
    },
    {
      "id": "card-4-d50c94",
      "type": "qa",
      "front": "Which algebraic variables must be related to derive the relationship between free energy, enthalpy, and entropy?",
      "back": "Free energy, enthalpy, and entropy",
      "source": "[course-bioenergetics.pdf · page 2 · part 1]",
      "concept": "Thermodynamic Variables",
      "explanation": "Understanding bioenergetics requires deriving the relationship where Gibbs Free Energy (G) is determined by Enthalpy (H) and Entropy (S) modified by Temperature (T).",
      "distractors": [
        "Mass, velocity, and acceleration",
        "Pressure, volume, and density",
        "Force, area, and time"
      ],
      "trueStatement": "Free energy relates to enthalpy and entropy.",
      "falseStatement": "Free energy is independent of enthalpy and entropy.",
      "clozeSentence": "",
      "clozeAnswer": "",
      "choices": [
        "Free energy, enthalpy, and entropy",
        "Mass, velocity, and acceleration",
        "Pressure, volume, and density",
        "Force, area, and time"
      ],
      "statement": "Free energy relates to enthalpy and entropy.",
      "statementIsTrue": true,
      "prompt": "Which algebraic variables must be related to derive the relationship between free energy, enthalpy, and entropy?",
      "answer": "Free energy, enthalpy, and entropy"
    },
    {
      "id": "card-5-2db9f7",
      "type": "qa",
      "front": "How does an endergonic reaction differ from an exergonic reaction regarding free energy?",
      "back": "Endergonic absorbs free energy; exergonic releases it",
      "source": "[course-bioenergetics.pdf · page 2 · part 1]",
      "concept": "Reaction Types",
      "explanation": "Exergonic reactions release free energy (spontaneous), while endergonic reactions require an input of free energy (non-spontaneous) to proceed.",
      "distractors": [
        "Endergonic releases heat; exergonic absorbs heat",
        "Endergonic is fast; exergonic is slow",
        "Endergonic creates energy; exergonic destroys energy"
      ],
      "trueStatement": "Exergonic reactions release free energy.",
      "falseStatement": "Endergonic reactions release free energy spontaneously.",
      "clozeSentence": "",
      "clozeAnswer": "",
      "choices": [
        "Endergonic absorbs free energy; exergonic releases it",
        "Endergonic releases heat; exergonic absorbs heat",
        "Endergonic is fast; exergonic is slow",
        "Endergonic creates energy; exergonic destroys energy"
      ],
      "statement": "Exergonic reactions release free energy.",
      "statementIsTrue": true,
      "prompt": "How does an endergonic reaction differ from an exergonic reaction regarding free energy?",
      "answer": "Endergonic absorbs free energy; exergonic releases it"
    }
  ],
  "sourceName": "course-bioenergetics.pdf",
  "sourceMeta": "2 sections · 5 Study Cards",
  "sourceBatches": [
    "course-bioenergetics.pdf"
  ],
  "createdAt": "2026-10-13T12:47:58.983Z",
  "updatedAt": "2026-10-13T12:47:59.456Z"
}